Foreign Policy And Political Affairs - 1034 Words

DEGREE/CONCENTRATION BACHELOR OF ARTS (B.A.) IN GOVERNMENT POLITICAL AFFAIRS Students of Government Political Affairs study the many facets of government and politics, including elections and electoral behavior, legal and judicial systems, foreign policy and conflict resolution, the political implications of race, gender and ethnicity, and the moral and ethical issues associated with democracy, global justice, and human rights. A degree in Government and Political Affairs provides students with a deeper understanding and knowledge of the driving forces that guide people, communities, and even the business world of today in both the national and international arenas. For this degree, students are required to complete thirty-six (36) credits in Government Political Affairs, are required to have a minor in a subject that will complement the major and their academic goals, and maintain a minimum of a C grade-point-average. FOUNDATION COURSES Students are required to take twelve (12) credits of foundation courses that cover the main subfields of the discipline. Students are also encouraged to choose one of these subfields as their area of focus. †¢ American Government and Politics. The study of the political behavior and institutions of the United States. This includes government on the local, state, and national levels, and for-profit and non-profit entities. †¢ Comparative Political Systems. The study and exploration of the similarities and differencesShow MoreRelatedPolitical Background Should Be Mandatory1182 Words   |  5 PagesPolitical Background Should be Mandatory before being allowed to run for President Julissa Aguirre Lamar High School Argumentative Abstract Political background should be mandatory before being allowed to run for office to avoid as many problems in the future as possible. 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THE RECORD OF PRESIDENTIAL CONTROL It takes great crisis

Essay on FDR Had the Right Idea - 987 Words

Protesters are swarming the capitol city. They are flooding the entrances and lobbies of major government buildings. Thousands have set up makeshift camps. They will not leave until they get what they want. The president is dumbfounded. He wonders how things could have gotten to this point so quickly. His military advisors are prepared to sweep out the protesters with horses and tanks. The president orders the military to act. From that moment on, whether he knows it or not, his presidency is at an end. This is not the story of Hosni Mubarak, President of Egypt, in 2011; it is the story of Herbert Hoover, President of the United States, in 1932. Hoover had tried to battle the Great Depression, but his programs weren’t powerful†¦show more content†¦FDR’s policies put an end to Bonus Marchers, Food Riots and radical politics that had sprung up with revolutionary zeal in reaction to Herbert Hoover’s meager, snail-paced recovery measures. To that generation of Americans, Franklin Roosevelt saved the country in a way comparable only to Abraham Lincoln. Barack Obama’s policies are still in effect and apparently working. The proof is in, government spending cures an economy, just like John Maynard Keynes says. But, are Obama’s policies working? Princeton University Professor Alan S. Binder and Moody Analytics Chief Economist Mark Zandi published â€Å"How the Great Recession Was Brought to an End† in July, 2010. They calculated the effectiveness of various parts of President Obama’s American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 package with a comparison of how much each type of economic policy actually translated into an economic benefit – how much bang did each buck provide. Binder and Moody calculated â€Å"The bang for the buck is estimated by the one year $ change in GDP for a given $ reduction in federal tax revenue or increase in spending†. Binder and Moody first looked at tax cuts, a popular Republican type of stimuli. For every dollar spent in temporary tax cuts, the average b enefit to the economy was only 82 cents. Permanent tax cuts yielded even less benefit with a return of only 38 cents on the dollar. Obama’s ARRA Assistance related stimuli yielded anShow MoreRelatedThe Legacy Of The New Deal1426 Words   |  6 Pagesand Reform was to put things in place to make sure the problem never arises again. These new ideas transformed the role of the government and its impact on American citizens. Before the New Deal, the government had essentially no influence on the economy or providing for the people. One of the very first things the New Deal dealt with was the banking crisis. By implementing his new economic plans, FDR was able to successfully gain the people’s trust in the banking system. To fulfill the â€Å"relief†Read MoreA New Deal A New America891 Words   |  4 PagesThroughout history, America has had a plethora of leaders. A handful of these leaders have found a place in the heart of many Americans. Franklin D. Roosevelt, commonly referred to as FDR, is without a doubt one of these leaders. FDR made new laws, put forth many ideas, and raised the public’s morale before, during, and after WWII. He affected America in such a way that he brought us out of the slum of Great Depression. Even though Franklin D. Roosevelt put America in debt, his new deal policy gaveRead MoreA Brief Look at Franklin Delano Roosevelt1080 Words   |  4 PagesIn the history of America, we have had a total of 44 presidents; some have been great, and others have been not so gr eat. Presidents should be graded based on how they handle three main grading points: the economy, foreign policy, and equal rights. From our very first president, George Washington, to our most recent president, Barack Obama a good economy is very important because it gives people a better living by giving them job opportunities and a way for people to make money. Foreign policy protectsRead MorePresident Roosevelt and the New Deal1454 Words   |  6 Pagesthe United States in a state of major depression, the Great Depression. FDR was elected for his ideas of change through the new deal, and the thought of hope had given to Americans. Roosevelt knew that a change was needed and was willing to go to tremendous measures to try to bring back the American economy, give jobs, and to keep democracy going on strong. In doing so I believe FDR had to compromise within all types of ideas and government parties to succeed and reach his goals of the three R’s,Read MoreFranklin D. Roosev elt. During The Great Depression In The1745 Words   |  7 PagesDemocratic Party and the former governor of New York, Franklin Delano Roosevelt. 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The urgent necessities for Latinos, Blacks, and Native Americans came into focus for a government that was largely ignoring them previously. With the downfall of the economy, minorities were economically hit the worst. Many programs put in during Roosevelt’s administration never provided the same success for minorities thatRead MoreRoosevelt s Rights Of Women1478 Words   |  6 Pagestheir ideas and opinions (Jones 74). The Press Conferences were a way for Roosevelt to communicate with the public, she also used her â€Å"My Day Column to talk to the public about her opinions (Jones 75). December 30, 1935 Roosevelt began her influential â€Å"My Day Column† (Jones 77). The â€Å"My Day column† was said to give hope to Americans (Fordman 11). Roosevelt often â€Å"tested the waters† for FDR on controversial topics, such as rights for women and African Americans (Jones 99). She also helped FDR keepRead MoreThe Tragedy Of The Great Depression1186 Words   |  5 Pagesappear on the scene after a low point, often a major one, in the plot line. Moses from the Bible times comes in to lead the Israelites out of bondage in Egypt to the Promised Land. Percy Jackson is greeted with an impending war of the Greek gods. Right as the White Witch is gaining ground, Aslan comes in and roars. Just look at the recent movie â€Å"Inside Out†; Sadness makes the way for Joy. The audience does not mind the grey and the gloom as long as they know a dashing hero will appear shortly after

Cultural Analysis Essay Example For Students

Cultural Analysis Essay Maria is a twenty year old who was born in Fargo but moved to Belcourt when she was two with her family. Her mother was born and raised in Belcourt, ND but married a man from a different tribe. This was why they had moved to Fargo, ND but when her parents became ill they moved back to take care of her parents. Maria has two sisters, one who is twenty-four and one who is seventeen. Maria attended the community college in Belcourt for one year and received her license in lobotomy. After one year at the community college she decided to transfer to the University of Mary and plans on graduating with medical lab science degree. Her passions are reading, nail art, drawing, and spending quality time with her family and friends. Although Maria speaks English it is important as a Chippewa to learn the native language Ojibwa. She is not fluent in Ojibwa but she loves listening and learning the language from her grandmother. The Ojibwa language is spoken roughly by 40,000 to 50,000 people (Roy, 2006). The Chippewa tribe also known as Ojibwa was the third largest Native American group with a population of 104,000, which was after the Cherokee and the Navajo tribes (Roy, 2006). Their love for festivities and music led them to construct their own musical instrument made of the finest woods from trees in Puerto Rico. The cuatro has been an instrument distinguished for its brilliance and quality of sound. It is played at two different angles; meaning you use your left hand to play the strings on the top end of the instrument and the right hand plays the bottom strings simultaneously. The cuatro has been recognized as the National Musical Instrument in Puerto Rico. Its musical quality and its beautiful harmony make it a precious jewel (Libaro). The cuatro symbolizes the festive characteristic or personality of the Hispanic or Latin culture. Throughout the year there are numerous festivities in which the cuatro contributes to the cultural and musical development of our land. The versatility of the cuatro is demonstrated with the famous parrandas . This festivity is quite a tradition. The cuatro is essential in the parrandas. During the Christmas season friends, neighbors and family members gather at a pre-selected home. There they practice Christmas carols until late evening hours. The parrandistas accompanied by the householder and a growing entourage of friends, neighbors, and relatives sing, on-or off-key, at the front door. The turning on of outdoor lights signified they were welcomed. The crowd would then continue the lively singing in the living room, expecting to find hospitality, both solid and liquid. Traditional dishes of the season are served: pasteles , fried meat pies, rice with pigeon peas, roast pork, and chicken and rice soup among the few. Traditional desserts served gave the parrandistas the clue they needed to move on to the next home. According to the tradition, the household members visited accompanied the group with the sound of the cuatro, guiro, and maracas; to the next victim. On January 6 Latinos celebrate Three Kings Day. This is one of the festivities that accompany Christmas. The story of the three kings is based on biblical scriptures that tell the story of three wise men who guided by a bright star arrived at Bethlehem where they delivered gifts to the Christ child. Many Latinos in Latin America, and those living in the United States, continue the tradition of giving gifts to their children. On the eve of Three Kings Day, children place grass and water underneath their bed, for the kings camels. El Museo del Barrio Parade celebrates Three Kings Day in New York. As part of these festivities a group of Troubadours , dressed in traditional peasant-like clothing, accompanied by the cuatro, sing verses to the crowd as they walk along the parade (Suarez). During the first week of May, Latinos participate in a variety of festivities to celebrate Cinco de Mayo and Latino culture. Dance and musical productions are the essential part of the celebration. Celebrations occur across the country to commemorate May 5, 1862, when Mexican forces vanquished the French army at battle in Puebla(Vargas). The battle and victory represent peoples ability to succeed despite the obstacles. Cinco de Mayo celebration is a community event used to teach the importance of continuing to fight for justice despite the obstacles. .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7 , .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7 .postImageUrl , .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7 , .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7:hover , .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7:visited , .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7:active { border:0!important; } .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7:active , .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7 .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u057a8067e23e0e3022998b8bebe810f7:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Hyperspace Essay The message is: Be proud of who you are, remember your tradition of struggle, and despite the obstacles, continue the battle for education, health, and justice. Cinco de Mayo is a time to party! It gives each city a chance .

Applications of Visa in Australia Market †Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Explain Applications of the 457 Visa in Australia Market? Answer: Introduction Australian government is planning to amend the current regulations in the subclass 457 Visa to give more priority to the national workforce. This analysis includes the background of the 457 Visa for the sponsoring of people of oversea to meet the scarcity of labor in the Australian market. At the same time, it includes the major changes or amendments that are going to impose by the Australian immigration government. Impacts of the changes over the 457 Visa have also discussed. Background of the 457 Visa Visa is essential for migration from one country to another country. Basically, visa is an identity for the foreign or overseas people to easily control the system of a country. Countries allow the people to visit the entire state with the validation of the visas time period. Australian government is follows strict regulation regarding the movement of the people from other geographical planet. Australia is very well developed country so people are excited to visit once Australia for permanent or short term stay (Berg, 2015). In context of the study most of the students are oversea students come to the Australia. Along with this, there are various category of visa according to the requirement like travel, education purpose and for work purpose. Regarding these different rules and regulation are complied or imposed to follow. Visitors in Australia are continuously increasing and the people for permanent migration for Australia are also increasing. 457 Visa is an important type of visa for the immigration programme in Australia. Basically, it is the visa through which employer can go for long term and short term of time period in Australia (Breen, 2016). It is stated that Australia is the mostly private business owned country where large number of skilled employers are required. Further, at the peak time of work in Australia there is a shortage of skilled worker to carry out the manufacturing or other activities of the perspective business than 457 Visa holders are allowed to move in the country for work for long time as mentioned in the last for four years. Further, it is subclass 457 Visa which was employed before 20 years. It is one of the most sponsor programmes which explore the opportunities in the Australia country to get familiar with the values, norms and work culture of the Australian labor market (Wright et. al, 2016). Applications of the 457 Visa in Australia market Australian labor market is the mix of high skilled and low skilled and most of the Australian business opportunities are bifurcated for the skilled and experienced workers to carry out the process. In addition to this, employers want to meet out the requirement of the skilled workers so that they hire the labor from the foreign or overseas market to hold the vast majority of 457 Visa holders (Mares, 2016). At the same time, most number of the 457 Visa holders is entitled to work for high skilled reference in the Australian economy. Economic immigration is mostly benefit for the Australian economic development and supply of the high skilled people from various business lines 457 Visa is required for the employer sponsor. On the other hand, it is not applicable for the students are traveler. In addition to this, students those are living in Australia currently can grab the opportunity to work as skilled people. It is also reviewed that immigrant migration rate is increasing rapidly from 1990s as there bubbled the growth in labor and high skilled work programme (Smith et. al, 2016). Australian government can use the domestic mechanism to encourage and motivate the people at specified wages rates. Along with this, the Turnbull government has not conducted any training programme for the skills enhancement of the migrants or domestic labor. As per the labor market law, if the occupation is listed on the Medium and Long term Strategic Skilled List than employee can work for four year if it is not registered than it allows only two years working in the Australia (Bales et. al, 2017). Advantages and disadvantages of the 457 Visa in Australia 457 Visa is beneficial for the short time works those are willing to work at least 12 months in the Australia than industry, company and institutions can offer the visa to work in. At the same time, it is also important for the visitors to take the advantages of the visa. Basically, 457 Visa was launched in year 1996 to meet out the shortage of the skilled labor in the Australian market (Breen, 2016). Along with this, visa holders can earn good amount of money in this short term of time period as it would not be paid by other industry. On the other hand, 457 Visa has some of consequences that may derail the benefits of the visa in country (Oliver and Wright, 2016). In addition to this, 457 Visa holders are only skilled works their only not more than that. Further, the employees on visa are not permitted the various facilities and benefits from the Australian government as it cannot use the health care service for free and not a member for vote cast. Moreover, they are also bound to pay the tax under the government provisions. It is also reviewed that they are unable to change the job in other stream as they were hired. Amendments by the Australian Government in Concern to the 457 Visa Rules and Regulation 457 Visa is introduced as the 20 years before in the year 1996 to bring the high skilled and low skilled workers in the Australian industry market where the employers are facing the challenges in finding the suitable workers for their organization (Sherrell, Wright and Howe, 2017). Therefore, the need for subclass Visa is offered by the employers to get the workers from foreign or overseas market. Basically, this visa is permitted by the Australian government to the verified applicants from the foreign market. It is conceived that the 457 visa holders can misuse the visa by transferring the authority to use for the same. Australian government has changes the policies regarding the 457 visa for its reliable implications. In concern to this, time duration to stay in Australian after complication has been changed (Border, 2014). Immigration minister Peter Dutton has announced that the sponsor employee can live in the country when his proposed occupation completed only for 60 days. In ad dition to this, the previous time period was 90 days and it has reduced by 30 days for the 457 visa holders. It is contempt that if an employee from overseas stay in the county on the supplement of the Australian people so it impacts the opportunity for the domestic workers which indirectly influence the economic consideration for long time and creates huge challenges for the Australian labor market (Border, 2017). Along with this, government has made the changes in the immigration policy and it would be difficult for the workers to extend the time duration for being in the Australia. Along with this, two different streams would be offered to the 457 visa holders those are going on the sponsorship, one is short -term would be for two years and long term would be for four years as it was four years only before amendments (NEWS, 2017). Moreover, the government has reduced the number of job for the subclass 457 visa holders overseas. From the market analysis, it is analyzed that some o f skilled people such as chefs, cooks and food manager is difficult to find so these area would be flexible. Apart from this, the time duration for the immigrants to hunt another job after completion of the sponsor job has also been extended by 28 days to 90 days (Larsen, 2013). Meanwhile, it can revamped that the amendments that has been made only restricting the overseas workers and increasing or liberalizing the policies to do work in the country. Along with this, the government trying to give much priority to the domestic skilled workers rather than foreign workers because the immigrant for long time span are creating more competition for the Australian workers so in terms of reducing the competition government has more focused on the national priority. Apart from this, the Australian government has started training programme for the Australian workers to enhance the compatibility in the intensive labor market (Waldron and Ali, 2016). Further, the government would impose more restriction on the process of sponsorship and unlawful activities would be penalized. Further, the immigration department found out that the call the people from foreign on 457 Visa which is costly and is not effective to resolve the issue for long time so it has adopted the recommendations. Moreover, English is essential for 457 Visa holders to easily get the grant from the sponsor of Australia and it had the strictness to score in English but as of now amendments it has changed toward flexible procedure for easily migration. In addition to this, it is necessary for the immigrants to track the criminal records for the applicants (Hallandwilcox, 2015). Further, the government has wet the rule for minimum two years of experience in concurrent profession. Some of the changes are implemented for employers such as they need to hire the employee below the age of 45 years while application. Along with this they need to pay the salary at the market rate. 457 Visa has also amended with new legislation as to provide the details of nominations to while an applicant is applying for subclass 457 visa (Fakhoury, 2016). Therefore, these were the proposed amendments that need to be implemented by the government of Australia. Implications over the Amendments in 457 Visa Regulations Australian government has revamped that the current regulations for the 457 Visa is not appropriate for the mostly Australian workers and economy while foreign immigrants are affecting the domestic workers by holding the job of perspective market (Qiu, 2016). Different amendments would be applied from categorized date. The main aim of the Australian government is to reduce the priority of subclass 457 and strengthen the national people. Basically, these amendments in the 457 Visa would impact the potential Visa holders when they are going on the sponsor basis. At the same time, the employer would also be affected by the new regulations that need to be strictly followed (Anderson, 2017). Moreover, the current visa holder are pursuing in the occupation of Australian market would not be impacted. These amendments would affect the business where the business would not be efficiently retaining the talent in the industry for long time. Overall, these amendments and changes benefitted the Australian workers and best interest for them. Conclusion On the basis of above analysis in relation to the amendments in the 457 Visa for the subclass, it can be concluded that it would create difficulties for the future business implementation because it would be able to sponsor and retain the skilled workers for the business because of strict law imposing. Further, it would impact somehow current employer, it would be a challenge for new applicants. It can also be concluded that these changes would be directly or indirectly benefit the Australian skilled workers and subtle the industry to prepare the domestic labor to reduce the competition in the prevailing market dilemma. References: Anderson, S. (2017) Government abolishing 457 visas, Malcolm Turnbull says. [Online]. Available at: https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-04-18/government-abolishing-457-visas/8450310 (Accessed: 19 May 2017). Bales, R., Alizia, L., Banno, M., Jockel, M., Pang, M. and Tso, C. (2017) Translational Employment Trends In Four- Pacific Countries. UCLA Pacific Basin Law Journal, 34(1), pp. 1-46. Berg, L. (2015) Migrant Rights at Work: Law's precariousness at the intersection of immigration and labour. UK: Routledge. Border, (2014) Australias Migration Trends 201213. [Online]. Available at: https://www.border.gov.au/LegacyPagesandAboutUs/Documents/statistics/migration-trends-2012-13.pdf (Accessed: 19 May 2017). Border, (2017) Abolition and replacement of the 457 visa Government reforms to employer sponsored skilled migration visas. [Online]. Available at: https://www.border.gov.au/Trav/Work/457-abolition-replacement (Accessed: 19 May 2017). Breen, F. (2016) Australian Immigration Policy in Practice: a case study of skill recognition and qualification transferability amongst Irish 457 visa holders. Australian Geographer, 47(4), pp. 491-509. Breen, F. (2016) Australian Immigration Policy in Practice: acase study of skill recognition and qualification transferability amongst Irish 457 visa holders. Australian Geographer, pp. 1-20. Oliver, D. and Wright, C. (2016) Australias shifting skills ecosystem: Contemporary challenges in education, training and immigration' in Industrial Relations Reform: Looking to the Future. Federation Press, Sydney, pp. 163-186. Fakhoury, R. (2016) Australia: Subclass 457 Visa Program Amended Under New Legislation - Week Of April 18th. [Online]. Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/535658/work+visas/AUSTRALIA+Subclass+457+Visa+Program+Amended+Under+New+Legislation (Accessed: 19 May 2017). Hallandwilcox, (2015) Guide for sponsoring skilled personnel to Australia the 457 visa. [Online]. Available at: https://www.hallandwilcox.com.au/guide-for-sponsoring-skilled-personnel-to-australia-the-457-visa/ (Accessed: 19 May 2017). Larsen, G. (2013) The subclass 457 visa: a quick guide. [Online]. Available at: https://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/pubs/rp/rp1314/QG/Subclass457Visa (Accessed: 19 May 2017). Mares, P. (2016) Unintended Consequences of Temporary Migration to Australia. Unintended Consequences: The impact of migration law and policy, pp. 81. NEWS, (2017) What you need to know about the 457 visa changes. [Online]. Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/work/what-you-need-to-know-about-the-457-visa-changes/news-story/3894724396a5c7f99491c961ae9b8088 (Accessed: 19 May 2017). Patty, A. (2017) Are the 457 visa reforms an illusion act? [Online]. Available at: https://www.smh.com.au/business/workplace-relations/are-the-457-visa-reforms-an-illusion-act-20170420-gvokqk.html (Accessed: 19 May 2017). Qiu, L. (2016) Australia: New policy changes to sponsoring 457 workers. [Online]. Available at: https://www.mondaq.com/australia/x/507964/work+visas/New+policy+changes+to+sponsoring+457+workers (Accessed: 19 May 2017). Sherrell, H., Wright, F. and Howe, J. (2017) 457 abolished: How the Temporary Skill Shortage Visa works. [Online]. Available at: https://www.news.com.au/finance/work/457-abolished-how-the-temporary-skill-shortage-visa-works/news-story/3e761090198b6d12b8baddab9c77dc1a (Accessed: 19 May 2017). Smith, D., Payne, D., Horne, M., Claridge, D. (2016) Developments in Australian migration. Canadian Studies in Population, 43(1-2), pp. 117-145. Waldron, D. and Ali, S. (2016) New Australian 457 visa rules announced for January 2017. [Online]. Available at: https://www.workpermit.com/news/new-australian-457-visa-rules-announced-january-2017-20160927 (Accessed: 19 May 2017). Wright, C., Clibborn, S., Piper, N. and Cini, N. (2016) Economic migration and Australia in the 21st century. [Online]. Available at: https://think-asia.org/bitstream/handle/11540/6737/wright_et_al_economic_migration_and_australia_in_the_21st_century_0_0.pdf?sequence=1 (Accessed: 19 May

The environment was major contributing factor to the evolution of Australian art in the 20th century Essay Example For Students

The environment was major contributing factor to the evolution of Australian art in the 20th century Essay The environment was major contributing factor to the evolution of Australian art in the 20th century. The elemental landscape; isolation and distance, the imposition of the mythical and the visionary on the landscape, national identity the universal and the regional and the demise of Arcadia and romantic idealism interweave magnificently to present the impact of surroundings on the artwork of such a then delicate nation. In retrospect it was the surroundings/climate/atmosphere/feeling and people of our unique nation that undoubtedly shape what we know as Australian art sure there are direct influences from other cultures, but while knowing this we have to understand that a perfect combination of outside cultures is the main ingredient in the recipe of our own culture. Our flirting with the idea of rural Australia as a sun-drenched pastoral arcadia a Heidelberg school vision was extremely deviated from with Russel Drysdales compelling early painting Sunday evening pictured below. We will write a custom essay on The environment was major contributing factor to the evolution of Australian art in the 20th century specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Completed in 1941, this work is of decisive significance in the growth of Drysdales sole vision. With an inland theme imagery had come to represent for Australians the fundamental uniqueness of our land and people. In its place, in a work of art that exposed a promising individual manner, and signalled the upcoming meaning of the body to his interpretation of Australia, Drysdale affianced in an evocation of outlandish human endurance amidst the remoteness and destitution of the interior. Sunday evening, with other paintings of 1941 on similar themes, indicated Drysdales future function in determining a different national identity based on the uniqueness of Australian inland life. This was without a doubt one of the works that helped change the way Australians viewed themselves and their country. The barren background to show despair and isolation complements the gaunt, elongated figures. To many artists the search for national identity has been a stimulating force, for others it has represented a blunt parochialism, betraying the municipal, logical complexity of Australia as a Westernised civilization. The apparent remoteness of Australia as a Western society in the southern hemisphere, actually outlying and detached from the main currents of Western intellectual thought in United States or Europe, certainly belongs more to the realm of myth than fact. Even in the 19th century, when the onset of the mail on arriving ships was enthusiastically expected by Australiaquot;s white population, the flood of books, art reproductions, journals, and so on kept the local intelligentsia remarkably well informed of current developments abroad. The landscape tradition dominated the art of the period as the landscape itself came to represent the ideals of freedom and egalitarianism that Australians had struggled for in the war. An ahead of its time modernism with increased legitimacy surfaced in the late 1930s and 1940s in premeditated insubordination of the narrow-mindedness of Australian society. Drawing on the joint resources of Surrealism and Expressionism, Albert Tucker, Arthur Boyd, John Perceval, and Sidney Nolan called attention to the up to date metropolitan scene and the ethical deprivation of Melbournequot;s wartime society. Regardless of the growing internationalism of post-war Australian society, the Australian landscape has been persistent to preoccupy artists and to excite the in style thoughts. In the 1940s and 1950s Russell Drysdale and Sidney Nolan endeavoured further than the established rural districts to illustrate the ruthless and bleak situation in the Australian outback; and yet, in spite of its hostile traits, the landscape is offered as the inner heart and soul of the country. Two significant landscape artists of the 1960s, John Olsen and Fred Williams, reinvigorated the landscape custom by infusing it with some of the official characteristics of worldwide abstraction. Issues of physical distance and isolation become more relevant when one considers Australiaquot;s environmental diversity, and this is why these artists ventured further than others. The imposition of the mythical and the visionary on the landscape is epitomised by the works of Arthur Boyd. Boydquot;s paintings, drawings, lithographs and ceramics changed the cruel reality of urban and bush Australia into a mythical place, a country occupied by an diverse gathering of characters and events drawn from ancient Greece, the Old Testament, and Australian history. While Boyd was reliant on the Australian scenery for visual stimulation, his work rose over its environmental origins to observe widespread shared and personal themesà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬ love and affection; jealousy, deceit and vanity; racism, poverty and war. Reflected bride 1 1958, seen below came in the middle of Boydquot;s Love, Marriage and Death of a Half-caste series. The surroundings, as opposed to being the barren stage set of earlier paintings in the series is a ditch where Boydquot;s dark bridegroom firmly holds his spirit bride is made essential to their marriage: the bride merges with the watercourse; the groomquot;s foot is curved around a stem in the knotted grove. This an archetypal Boydian landscape. Boydquot;s half-caste groom, has lost all hope, his blue hands and feet set him apart, half deity, half derelict. Boydquot;s leading theme here is hopelessness. The environment was made a vast input to what is known today as Australian art. Without it the immense majority of influences and imprint on culture would not exist. Leaving Australia as culturally barren as the outback. The centres in 20th century Australian art included Melbourne in the 1940s; the avante garde and intellectuals, the Australian Academy of Art, the Contemporary Art Society CAS and Herald Exhibition; the Angry Penguins; the rise of figurative expressionism and a national school. The emergence of Sydney in the 1950s and the rise of modern abstraction were major events; Australia began looking outwards to the world. These were all chief contributing factors and were all instrumental in the progression of art in Australia. Avant-garde was originally a French military term used to describe a small group who explores new territory ahead of the main army. In the visual arts it is applied to the innovative artists who, in any given period, are working in a way that is new and different from their contemporaries. Brett Whiteley was at the forefront of the avant-garde movement. His well-known work Alchemy pictured below as would be in an exhibit summarized Whiteleyquot;s state of mind at the time in all its myriad accumulation of influences in his own history as an artist; it was painted over one year. It is a self-portrait on a gigantic scale this had been seen before in his work The American Dream, without the intense political agenda in its impression. Seeing as it is spread over 18 panels it may be read right to left as a vision of earth, ocean, sky through transmutations of flesh, genitalia, fornication and landscape, ending with a white sun and serpentine tentacles put in front of a gold background. The final two panels were from a ruined portrait Whiteley had produced in 1972 of Yukio Mishima, a Japanese writer who committed seppuku suicide in 1970, supposing that the space distancing art and action could be closed efficiently through ceremonial death. Literary mythology states that Mishimaquot;s final vision as the knife cut into his flesh, was of an exploding sun which lit the sky for an instant of so-called spiritual illumination. This hallucination became the official instigation of Alchemy. The work can be read either way from left or right, or even from the centre, where the word quot;ITquot; holds the swivel concerning competing ideas. Then Attorney General and later Prime Minister Robert Menzies established the Australian Academy of Art in 1937. It was set up as an Australian parallel to the British Royal Academy. They conservatives aspired to provide a forum for Australian art, and promote art appreciation and art education. Resistance to modern art became hostile to the extent where the director of the National Gallery of Victoria did not allow contemporary art in his gallery. Modern painters feared that an academy would strengthen the oppression of contemporary art, basically empower conservatives, and they knew something had to be done. The Contemporary Art Society CAS set up to arouse public interest and awareness of present-day art. This occurred on 13 July 1938; growing from a scheme devised by George Bell of robust opposition to Menzies Academy. Bell was the President and it was well known that the society was accommodating to modernist artists. The Societys philosophy was based on the ideal that art always progresses, and therefore if there was a lack of a new thought or feeling in any given exhibition, the Society would not be keeping to its name. Contemporary Art Societys sprang up over the east coast of Australia and proved to be a valuable forum for artists to show and seel work. The Society did as was intended and after a mere several years the Australian Academy of Art disbanded. The Herald exhibition was named so due to sponsorship from the Melbourne Herald, it was an exhibition of modern art beginning in 1939; it graced Australia with a superb collection of modern European art. The Herald exhibition showed works from many famous artists including Matisse, Van Gogh and Dali. It had a vital influence on contemporary Australian Painting, instituting toned down versions of Cubism, Constructivism and Abstraction. The Angry Penguins were a loose affiliation of Melbourne artists, writers and intellectuals determined to break with the mythological ties of their past in favour of mythology linked to open association and individual expression. They sought after a fresh tolerance in the arts stimulated by events such as the expansion of fascism in Europe and its corrective mental and visual expression, Surrealism. The name came from the journal, Angry Penguin, first published in 1940 by author Max Harris and philanthropist John Reed, became a leftist political magazine stating the attitudes of Boyd and artists such as Albert Tucker, Sidney Nolan, John Perceval and Joy Hester. Divisions formed even within the ranks of the Angry Penguins. The Social Realists, declaring artists Noel Counihan and Danila Vasilieff, began to apply force on their Penguin equivalents, announcing the significance of merging art and politics and particularly with the communal principles of Communism. This was juxtaposition to the Surrealist enthused liberalism that had encouraged the Angry Penguins. A communist antagonism shaped within the Angry Penguins including Tucker, Reed, Boyd and Harris. Grace Crowley and Rah Fizelle set up a national school for art in Sydney, first and foremost to institute and explain the ideas of Cubism and Constructivism. Meetings were regularly hosted at the school where groups met frequently to talk about the character of these new styles. They believed that art should be use a figurative image shape or symbol since an image was a form of acceptance and involvement in life. .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4 , .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4 .postImageUrl , .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4 , .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4:hover , .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4:visited , .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4:active { border:0!important; } .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4:active , .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4 .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u9610329d570f208cdd14947943a2c5a4:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Wellness EssayFigurative Sydney painting continued in the 1950s, despite the trend of abstraction, Dickerson, Dobell, Hester and Blackman all persisted with the technique, although shapes remained figurative elements of abstract where evident. Trailing World War II worldwide progressive art continuously inspired Australian artists and throughout the 1950s and early 1960s the influence of abstract art from the United States on Sydney artists was exceptionally important. As artists the people of Sydney were looking out on the world and made a name for them with the rise of modern abstraction with inspiration from Europe also. However this was strongly opposed with Antipodean Manifesto that warned abstraction reduced art to merely a decorative state and ultimately be the death of art. The centres of art in Australia during this critical period of contemporary implementation made an avenue for artist to go and exhibit their work, and discuss where they intended their work to go. This was something that was very important in the maturing of contemporary art, and most certainly had a great influence on the direction which art took, without which Australian art would have differed immensely from what we know today. The artists, of course, were who decided upon the direction of art in Australia. Obviously there were influences gathered from various places, however it was Russell Drysdale that used the real Australia, making use of the people in the landscape. Sidney Nolan and Arthur Boyd utilized narrative history, myths and legends and religious subjects, examining humans in folklore. The urban response; consisting of John Brack, Clifton Pugh, and Robert Dickerson were very influential. Equally as significant were the abstractionists, John Olsen, John Passmore and Ian Fairweather. The culmination of modern art was William Dobell winning the Archibald Prize, wit his portrait that was labelled a caricature. The surfacing of important women artists became very apparent and they played a major role in the direction of art in Australia. Women artists bean to come out in the 1920s, they came as a noteworthy influence for a couple of reasons. The first being mainly to do with the tapering of the male population, as a result of WWI, the second reason was to do with a lasting knowledge of the feminist movement of the 1880s-1890s. Women were hitherto foreign to the Australian art scene, this being due to the status they once held in Victorian and Edwardian societies. There were many women eager to follow an artistic pastime, if these women chose not to marry, and instead decided to make a career out of art they were viewed by the public eye as non-conformist and sometimes odd. Grace Cossington Smith, Margaret Preston, Mary Cassatt, Joy Hester, Norah Simpson, Berthe Morisot and Grace Crowley are some major names of women artists at the time. Perhaps the most innovative of them was Crowley who with Rah Fizelle set up an art school in Sydney to teach the concepts of Cubism and Constructivism. William Dobell concentrated on character, not features. He believed how one lived was an important aspect if he was to paint them. Going beyond seeing the human face in proportion he used his style to convey the person and the distortion came via expressionism. Modern arts direction was seen clearly through the Joshua Smith a fellow artist portrait, which won him the Archibald prize. This he was awarded in 1944, traditionalist critics claimed the painting to be a caricature, not a portrait. A committee of the reactionary Sydney Art Society contested the award with court action. Sparking the Dobell case 23-26 Oct. 1944 citizens that were concerned with art each put in 40 pounds in order to help pay the court costs. The outcome was a verdict in favour of Dobell and a loss for the conservative art establishment. The whole affair harmed Dobells health, and put an end to his friendship with Joshua Smith. The case gave Dobell and his colleagues the respect and acceptance that they deserved, but did not have prior to the case. The abstractionists consisted mainly of Olsen, Passmore and Fairweather. Fairweathers work through contact with Chinese, Indonesian and Aboriginal art was based upon arabesques. Though built on figure there was a lean toward abstraction, like Modigliani than CÃÆ' ©zanne. In Sydney the shift in the direction of casual abstraction increased in force centred upon affiliates of the Contemporary Art Society John Passmore and his pupils. One of which was John Olsen, during 1955 he held his initial exhibition, the works were semi-abstract, level surfaces and lots of chunky colours like that expected of CÃÆ' ©zanne. This turned into abstract expressionism. He journeyed out of the country put on displays in Paris, and living in Spain. Olsen seeks to come across form and image in the authentic procedure of painting. He inherited the harbour theme from Passmore. Olsen blends an interest in form and in the process of painting with a strong and non-traditional leaning towards landscape; landscape for Olsen is a course in itself. The urban response consisted of Robert Dickerson, Clifton Pugh and John Brack. Bracks dry, acerbic view of the world stands in marketed contrast to the dreamy melancholy of Charles Blackman. Bracks satirical view of everyday Australian life finds a parallel in the biting humour of Barry Humphries. As both of their Australias are middle-class urban, small-minded and riddled with absurdities. The classic subjects of the bush and the outback are not for them; equally the artists rely on the known, on every day actions. In 1959 a collection of artists that went by the name the Antipodeans shaped in Melbourne Dickerson, Pugh and Brack were members of this, the assembly argued against abstract art. They released a manifesto warning that abstraction reduced art to merely a decorative state and this would lead to the death of art. Stating that Australian artists need to convey the unique Australian experience in their work and they rejected what they saw as young Australian artists obsession with overseas styles. The proposal was a pointer displaying the extensive array of persuasions on Australian painting in the latter half 50s. The art of 1960s reflected the deviation and contrary movements mirrored this clash. Sidney Nolan and Arthur Boyd made use of a narrative of history, myths and legends and religious subjects. The place of humans in the landscape and folklore was evident in both their works. Taught by his family, Boyd exemplified the actualities of western Melbourne in his work. In 1943/44 he demonstrated the individual imagery of living in the depression. Numerous subjects show life and death, death and regeneration. Lovers and beasts triumphed. The bible pictures in his works were subjective from his grandmothers Old Testament bible that contained pictures. Boyd revisited the old masters like Rembrandt and Breughel. His biblical scenes were set in landscape in a Breughel manner. Sidney Nolan did an audacious narration of a part of Australian history with his Ned Kelly series. Nolans work exposes a curiosity in poetry eg Rimbaud, Blake and French symbolists and ease of form, which is influenced by Duly, Rousseau and Picasso. Throughout the 1940s Nolan spent time with John and Sunday Reed, who aided his intellectual growth as an artist. His early landscapes still showed the influence of plein-air tradition. Tuckers article Art, Myths and Society encouraged a concern in the authentic national vision pushing him toward folklore, with which he chose a folk hero, Ned Kelly. During the 1950s Nolan became one of the best-known painters at work in England. Russel Drysdale helped change the way Australian people viewed themselves and their country. He gained inspiration when he studied in France and London. WWII presented his work with a slightly surreal overturns in slightly real paintings, it intensified his disposition and concerned him in the peoples response to the unfriendly surroundings. He would produce paintings of gaunt, elongated figures, in front of a vast, barren outback landscape. He reflected the landscape in a different way, going further than the Heidelberg school. One of the worst droughts of the century affected his personal style; he started revealing facets of the Australian outback intimidating to man, suggesting solitude. Presenting the truth and gradually destroying the over glamorised icon of the idealistic Australian bush, showing sheets of iron distorted by fire, warped by wind they became signs of ineffectuality of human achievement. Thinking that the Aborigines had a noble dignity about them, he later made use of an exceedingly practical way of dealing with facade and appearance in depicting the Aboriginals set in abstracted landscapes. In 1945 the neo-romantics formed the Sydney Group which soon incorporated Drysdale, Nolan, Boyd and Passmore, it represented an increasing strength of abstract and non-figurative art. The artists were the most vital part of art in Australia in this delicate time; they shaped Australian art, as it is known today. Australian Aboriginal art refers to art done by Australian Aborigines, covering art that pre-dates European colonisation as well as contemporary art by Aborigines based on traditional culture. It is not restricted to merely paintings, but includes a wide variety of mediums including woodcarving, sculpture and ceremonial clothing. To an extent, Aboriginal art also includes artistic embellishments found on weaponry and tools. Art was one of the key elements of Aboriginal culture. Artwork was used to mark territory, record history, and tell stories. Rare ochres for paints were traded throughout northern Australia. There are a wide variety of styles of Aboriginal art. Three common types are X-ray art, in which the skeletons and viscera of the animals and humans portrayed are drawn inside the outline, as if by cross-section; dot painting where intricate patterns, totems and/or stories are created using dots; and stencil art, particular using the motif of a handprint. Margaret Preston got her name in 1919 married the wealthy businessman William Preston, and settled in the Sydney Harbour-side suburb of Mosman. .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3 , .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3 .postImageUrl , .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3 , .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3:hover , .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3:visited , .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3:active { border:0!important; } .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3:active , .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3 .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uda019589545f471554efa1b26fea64d3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Educational Technology EssayIn the late 1920s her prints became barren and arithmetic, travel to Japan and South East Asia amplified the facets of unbalanced design and close surveillance of nature in her work. Her transfer from Sydney to the minute society at Berowra on the Hawkesbury River 1932-39 also proved to be an important force on her later work. She became involved in Aboriginal issues and design. Preston thought that Aboriginal art offered the answer to creating a nationwide art that mirrored the proper life of Australia. In her work Flying over the Shoalhaven river 1942 seen below Preston takes in Australian aboriginal art into her own contemporary logic of flying which allows her to interpret the smooth togetherness of scenery. She explores nature in eggs, dead onions and rabbits and demonstrates a careful wisdom of draughtsmanship. She used primitive, innate forms and declared Aboriginal art represents but never duplicates. The majority put in the picture their own tale with no point of view. Flying over the river is seen with the same straightforwardness as Aboriginal art. The pointed uniformity is seen as unyielding light, getting rid of distracting elements. Biblical themes show compassion for Aboriginal way of life. Her sensitivity for the Aborigines coalesces with the present European aesthetics in her paintings. Aboriginal art came to be used as an aesthetic force, the artists that played, as vehicles for this progression in Australian art were Arthur Boyd, Sidney Nolan and Russel Drysdale. All were at some stage affiliated with the Angry Penguins; therefore they were all accustomed to one anothers painting styles and as a result of this could draw inspiration from each other. Accompanied by others during the early stages of the war they helped to increase the magnitude of the lean towards expressionism, this was influential in the acceptance of abstract expressionism in Australia, and shows they were all on the same wave length when it came to their work. When the neo-romantics in 1945 formed the Sydney Group they were all included and functioned with significant roles. Russel Drysdale was one of the more prominent painters of the time, he was the first Australian artist of his generation which included Nolan and Boyd to receive international attention and acclaim. In his work he strived to show that desolation and loneliness is a part of outback life. He did this by adopting a highly realistic treatment of pose and expression in rendering the Aboriginals set in abstracted landscapes. After travelling to the Cape York Peninsula returning to Australia in 1951 he spawned a passionate curiosity in Aboriginal people, as a subject for painting. This appeal for him was his belief that they represented a more complete integration between humans and the environment, which he had always respected and depicted in his art. Drysdale came from a wealthy land-owning family, felt great sympathy for the Aboriginal natives he met on his travels. Shopping day depicts the Aboriginal people of a north Queensland town in a totally deadening way. They stand, as if posing for a photo, in a spacious, bare street; a war memorial supervises the picture. Nolan and Boyd were indeed of elevated importance in Australian art; Boyds work has been compared to Drysdales in its aridity. Both artists were largely interested in painting landscapes. Nolan however received major acclaim for his Ned Kelly series. Boyds skill in capturing a characteristic aspect of the Australian landscape is seen in a majority of his paintings, Aborigines do not feature so regularly in his work, however the desolateness of the environment they inhabit that he portrays takes care of this and somewhat equalises it. Together with some others, Nolan and Boyd were interested in the irrational; surrealism enthused their eagerness for Aboriginal art. Harsh light and stark contrasts are evident in both their Australian landscapes and this illustrates the artists trying to convey their message, that being the real aspects of Australia. Aboriginal art was used in certain ways to direct Australian art as whole in to unexplored territory. To achieve new ways of paintings and completely different subject matter and to show not only Australia, but also the world, the real sun drenched open spaces they knew as Australia. The overseas influences and inspirations were of immense importance in the makeup of the delicate web known as Australian art, the art from Europe were brought to Australia by exhibitions, reproductions, and migrants, the impacts of this are seen in the work of Australian artists. The effect of social and political unrest in Europe encouraged the Australians to examine exactly what was occurring in their surroundings. Freud, Surrealism and Expressionism were evident in ideologies, subject matter, and works of Australian artists. The centre of Freudian ideas in this time period was Koornong; it also was the centre of theories of creativity and childrens art. Angry Penguin Danila Vassilieff, a migrant from Russia arriving in Melbourne in 1937 taught art at Koornong, this progressive school made up the third centre; Vassilieff was a model of self-reliance and spontaneity. Fighting on the losing side of the Russian revolution anti-Bolshevik his experience of politics brought him to the realisation that art should be apolitical and his grasping of contemporary art in London persuaded him to think that art should also be free of all literary, social and political relations. He thought art was a means of spiritual regeneration; this was founded on the concept of the individual rising above the everyday in the course of the pure passion of his expression. The significant achievement of his exhibitions at London and Melbourne backed his ideology. He had a major influence during the war when the majority of the population thought pro-Russian sympathies were in order, he was against Lenin and the Bolsheviks due to how inexperienced they were. English radical liberal, Herbert Read, presented an artistic and political case for individualism, he did this through his writings that were highly regarded far and wide, were centred on individual understanding and liberty. His book Art Now was the go-between of surrealism and of what he coined superrealism à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â‚¬Å" a skewed and representational derivative of surrealism embodied by Klee and Picasso. Trailed back to findings of Freud and Jung, superrealism is explained diversely as a poetic revolution, fantasy-thinking and creating a new mythology. This was related to the most intellectual of the Angry Penguins and can be found at the rear of their nearly concurrent launch of personal symbols i. e. Nolans Ned Kelly series and Tuckers Images of Modern Evil. Nolan was also familiar with Freudian psychology and was able to familiarise himself to concepts and interact at the level of unconscious. Inspiration from all over the world was evident in the works that Boyd produced toward the end of the war. Enthused by Nazi atrocities involving the ruthless suppression of Jews in concentration camps and the dropping of the atomic bomb at Hiroshima, Boyd resorted to convention, firstly the customary religious themes, and then to the Old Masters. Definitely the greatest event of importance in the period was World War II, this effected more or less every artist, whether it be an immense effect on their work, or something as simple as a change in tone, it was without a doubt evident. The change may have come through subject matter, landscape, technique and even attitude, as there was a feeling of angst evident in intellectual artists that they strived to express in their work. Migration during the post-war years made its effects felt in art appreciation and history as well as an introduction to an assortment of procedures and approaches. For example in 1959 Charles Reddington journeyed from the United States he was very important in the favourable reception of abstract expressionism in Australia, this emerged in the work of Dobell, Drysdale, Tucker, Nolan and Boyd. To the extent where, in 1960 figurative expressionism was no longer an avante-garde approach in Australia. The Angry Penguins shared a vast spread of influences. Sidney Nolans Ned Kelly series was influenced by suprematism and Mullovichs deconstruction of 3 dimensional forms. This was conveyed by the flat black box that was symbolic of Kellys protective headgear. Suprematism was an offshoot of cubism, it involves reducing a cube to a square, and this is displayed in the majority of Nolans paintings in the period probably the best in The Death of Constable Scanlon, Mullovich was another European influence. Arthur Boyds literary approach to landscape was abstraction influenced by expressionism, the emotive imagery, strong colour and free flowing line all comes through in his work to present a direct influence from expressionism. One of the more independent of the Angry Penguins, Russel Drysdale, was influenced by 18th century European art before making a lean towards abstraction with praying mantis like figures, This is represented best in The cricketers which is perhaps Drysdalequot;s most famous painting, and one of the most regularly reproduced images in twentieth-century Australian art. The subject matter of three gaunt figures set in the middle of the bleak walls of shops in a uninhabited town, submersed in a not natural light, is a memorable and tremendously unique understanding of a well-known sporting game. With Stalin in power up until 1941, there was still a large amount of Red Terror a Communist force that persecuted anti-Bolsheviks in Germany in the 1930s. Hitlers holocaust of the Jews all over Germany and other parts of Europe were culminating in the early 1940s. With reparation payments being abolished to England and France there was a political discontent in those countries. However all these were not apparent in the 1950s and 1960s, other problems were occurring, but not the enormity of the discontent that was faced all over Europe in the 1930s and 1940s far out-weighed that of the latter period. So the inspirations on Australian art from Europe were far more apparent in the early stages. Overseas influences have been vast over the period studied. Seeing as Australia was still a culturally weak nation struggling to find what was its own national identity, all these political social and economic aspects coming in from abroad were confusing to what Australians should be, however they were what had a major involvement in what became of Australian art and made it so diverse, and so accepting.

The Bio-Legal Issues Surrounding Physician Assisted Suicide Essays

The Bio-Legal Issues Surrounding Physician Assisted Suicide Essays The Bio-Legal Issues Surrounding Physician Assisted Suicide Paper The Bio-Legal Issues Surrounding Physician Assisted Suicide Paper A most troubling issue in the bio-legal discourse is that of the so-called ‘right-to-die,’ which continues to receive debate in current medical and legal consideration. The concept of euthanasia implies that the dignity of human life may be compromised by the affliction of terminal illness, intractable pain or an incapacity to function without artificial life-support systems. Under this pretense, we are suggested to have an entitlement to choose a dignified passing rather than a prolonged suffering. This is an incredibly complex issue though, subject to variation based upon one’s ethical, biological and philosophical understanding of any given medical case. Ultimately, the exploration here will suggest that there is, among other defenses, a legal basis for the defense of physician assisted suicide which denotes that a failure to allow such is tantamount to a failure to relieve suffering where such is the only means that might accomplish such and a failure to apply the proper regulatory oversight to standards precipitating physician assisted suicide. In contrast, the sanctity of human life has for centuries been considered an objective fact of universal rationality, with great intellectuals such as Plato decrying suicide and any enabling of the practice as both existing in contrast with our rights of self-determination. This thinker is joined by most established religions, broad swathes of society and most of the highest offices of American governance due to a sociologically crucial interest in the sanctity of human life. In the last two years or more of executive-led religious indoctrination, it is important that one’s moral background not become the driving force behind the formation of legislative backing though. There is a clear duality in the debate, where beneath an explicit layer of semantic and legislative wrangling, there is an enormous religious subtext which calls into question the effectiveness of the separation of Church and State, as defined in the Constitution. With conservative lawmakers such as Samuel Alito and John Roberts ascending to the Supreme Court bench in the last two years, there is a certain thrust away from bioethical progressivism. However, such a reality is in clear contrast to the well-established virtues of a pragmatic protection for the right to such a decision as euthanasia. At the very base of the philosophical impulses in providing medical care, as set forth in the Hippocratic oath, is the function of relieving illness, injury, suffering and pain. This is the perspective which provided foundation to a perspective which found legal support in the last decade and a half. In 1994, the Oregon legislature passed Measure 16 of the state’s pre-existent Death With Dignity Act. Thus, now, â€Å"in Oregon, US, only physician-assisted suicide is legal, and this began in 1997. † (Pasterfield, 450) Designed to protect and ensure the medical rights of the terminally ill, the measure was approved by a very slim majority through public referendum, establishing a standard by which physicians may assist in the termination of life for patients who desire an immediate cessation of pain due to intractable and fatal conditions without fear of legal reprisal. One of the bill’s key segments, section 127. 885, indicates that â€Å"no person shall be subject to civil or criminal liability or professional disciplinary action for participating in good faith compliance,† with the conditions set forth in the measure. (Oregon, 7) This is to indicate that for physicians adhering to the parameters allowing for the administering of life-suspending procedures as set forth in the legislation, the State of Oregon may take no retaliatory action. Such legislation would be the first of its kind in the United States, though it has yet to achieve any genuine penetration to precedent on the federal level. Still, the ‘right to death’ movement, which has gained greater notoriety in recent decades than ever before, is informed by the premise that it is within the Constitutional body of rights for an individual to decide to terminate one’s own life. The purpose of this initiative has been to proliferate entitlement and access, to those suffering from intractable pain or illness, to those that might help them achieve death with comfort and dignity. Its supporters are typically those aligned with civil liberties organizations such as the ACLU. Likewise, many in the medical community view this is as a natural right which should be accorded to all patients, fundamentally reflecting one of the most basic freedoms regarding one’s own life. This speaks to one perspective on the capacity of this legislation to alleviate personal pain and suffering for those contained within Oregon’s public healthcare system. The terms of the 1994 legislation are quite specific in their delineation of preconditions required for the administering of a lethal injection using a legally controlled substance. These include multiple levels of physician and witness approval concerning the patient’s physical and emotional state as well as a mandatory waiting period during which the patient is enabled to reflect on the decision before reaching a final resolution. The helps to shape its effect as one which is beneficial only to those patients desiring its parameters, thus expanding the medical options available to those suffering from terminal illness. The legal implication of this legislation would be highlighted during the mid-90’s with the high-profile focus on ethical considerations entering the courts. The issue of physician assisted suicide attained its highest degree of public acknowledgement with the media-embraced case of Michigan physician Dr. Jack Kevorkian. Developing his practice around the provision of assisted suicide for those suffering irreversibly from untreatable medical conditions, Kevorkian ignited public controversy, with many viewing him as a champion of a theretofore untested Constitutional right and others still labeling him a murderer. It was his very publicly visible philosophy of entitlement which caused the state of Michigan to pass legislation denying his right to the practice, as well as retracting his license to practice medicine. This would help authorities, in nothing less than Kevorkian’s fourth trial, to place him behind bars for manslaughter. This would be consistent with the prevailing legal appropriation of his practice. Following the prohibition of physician assisted suicide in Michigan, other states adapted a similar strategy, with important distinctions and regulations being framed around the debate. For instance, a 1998 Supreme Court decision held a Washington State decision making illegal physician assisted suicide, likewise helping to clarify additional euthanasia related issues, concluding that it was lawful to end life-support systems even separate from the subject of physician assisted suicide. (Meisel, 1) For those in the ‘right to die’ camp, this would demonstrate a fear that prohibition against such practices as Kevorkian’s would undo the right for those on life-support, in a persistent vegetative state, to cease artificial life-functions. Indeed, this fear would prove somewhat justified by the celebrated recent case of Terri Schiavo. Florida Governor Jeb Bush intervened on behalf of the comatose patient’s parents to prevent the vegetative woman’s husband from having her feeding tube removed, which would have terminated her life. The governor offered a brief statement that indicated what he perceived as the legal crux of the matter, assessing that the â€Å"potential for irrevocable harm to Terri Shiavo is real and imminent. Even an erroneous decision not to terminate the withdrawal of sustenance results merely in the maintenance of the status quo. †(2). For precedent, the governor cited a court decision that captures current legal perspective in Florida on the debate: . . . the possibility of subsequent developments such as advancements in medical science, the discovery of new evidence regarding the patient’s intent, changes in the law, or simply the unexpected death of the patient despite the administration of life sustaining treatment at least create the potential that a wrong decision will be mitigated. An erroneous decision to withdraw life-sustaining treatment, however is not subject to correction. Cruzan v. Director, Missouri Dept. of Public Health, 497 U. S. 261, 283 (1990). † (Bush, 2). This legal intervention does not exist in the vacuum of constitutional law, as evidenced above. Instead, it casts a broad net of views on the matter, drawing the serious medical dissensions to such a terminal commitment into the debate. One of the primary impetuses for allowing the practice is the claim that a patient who is suffering from intractable and ongoing pain is in a state of such reduced quality of life that death is the only humane option. However, according to the state of Florida as represented by its governor’s actions, there are relatively few conditions of this nature which cannot be treated by current standards in pain medication. Still, it is particularly visible when one considers states such as Colorado and Oregon, that the governor’s behavior would be contradicted by legal standard. â€Å"According to the United Network for Organ Sharing, many states. . . follow the Uniform Determination of Death Act, drafted and endorsed by the American Medical Association in 1980. That act sets the ‘irreversible loss of cardiorespiratory or whole-brain functions according to medical standards of practice’ as the standard for declaring death. † (Auge, 1) The Bush administration’s conservative agenda has helped to return this issue to the legal spotlight. Though the current presidential administration has attempted on several occasions to undermine the Oregon legislation through its courts, the euthanasia of these individuals remains legal under state law. As recently as January of 2006, the Supreme Court upheld the still pertinent Oregon State law permitting the practice. In a 6-3 decision, senior justice Antonin Scalia offered the dissenting opinion, arguing that â€Å"the federal government has long used its powers ‘for the purpose of protecting public morality,’ and that Congress granted the executive branch authority to prevent assisted suicide. † (Christie, 1) It should therefore be evident that the intention of legal and constitutional efforts to provide protection for euthanasia is not to increase its implementation but to find appropriate parameters within which to protect the freedom of choice. The movement which favors an institutionalization of clearly defined euthanasia laws is guided by the need for a safer, better regulated and more readily available accessibility to the option. Bibliography: Auge, Karen. (2004). Deaths border now less defined. Denver: Denver Post. Bush, Jeb. (2004). Appellant, Case. : SC04-925. Schiavo v. the State of Florida. Supreme Court of the State of Florida. Christie, Tim. (Jan. 2006). Assisted Suicide Upheld. Eugene, OR: The Register Guardian. Keown, John. (2002). Euthanasia, Ethics and Public Policy: An Argument Against Legislation. University of Cambridge Press. Meisel, Alan. (2004). The Right to Die: The Law-of-life Decisionmaking. Aspen Publishers. Pasterfield, Diana Wilkinson, Clare. (2006). GPs’ views on changing the law on physician-assisted suicide and euthanasia, and willingness to prescribe or inject lethal drugs. British Journal of General Practice, Vol. 56, No. 527. Olevitch, Barbara A. (2002). Protecting Psychiatric Patients and Others From the Assisted-Suicide Movement. Praeger. Oregon. (2008). Death With Dignity Act 1994. The Oregon State Website. Online at oregon. gov/DHS/ph/pas/docs/statute. pdf. Young, Robert (2002) Voluntary Euthanasia. Palo Alto: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. Online at http://plato. stanford. edu/entries/euthanasia-voluntary

Fractal Geometry Relating To Dance and Leaves Essay

Fractal Geometry Relating To Dance and Leaves - Essay Example This can be illustrated by geometrical concepts using drawings on flat space. This essay discusses this, the intriguing ubiquity relating to the sequence 1, 1, 2, 3†¦ the golden ratio, Phi, in the aesthetic of natural as well as creation of art to our life. The fractals started with George Cantor, German mathematician, in 1883. One of the easy ways to watch the division similar to the whole after being magnified. One of the most famous fractal is Mandelbrot set. The mathematician who created that is Benoit Mandelbrot started study self-similarity in 1960 was interested by many people in graphing some complex numbers. He applied the formula zz^2+c, which c is some real numbers and z, is a complex number, for example, â€Å"a+bi†. The computation of fractal program is based on a well known non-complex iterative some equation such as f(z)=z2+c, where z and c are complex numbers. Fractal geometry is crucial in studying complexity for many reasons. That I will explain it and relate it to the real life by dressing the fractal to dancing movement. First reason is almost all natural objects have irregular shapes and hence require more general dimension than Euclidean geometry allows. The natural shapes have more dimension than the Euclidean geometry. Also, that shows the natural shapes can be showed with different styles and different length. For example, the movement for the dancer cannot be count or knowing the next movement how is going to be or which style going to be dressing. Dance Company used a movement to midi converter to produce midi some sounds in respect to the motion of the dancer. This picture I’m using shows how we are not able to measure their body’s axis. Furthermore, to relate this to our nature there is a perfect example that the leaves. A leaf axis is extremely complex and has too many axis that inform to us witch is not easy to count them or measure them, based on our two detentions Fractal